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Spiritual naturalism and naturalistic spirituality are interchangeable terms for the same philosophical perspective, with the latter term more commonly used. Book searches for the two find no usage for Naturalistic Spirituality before 1956〔''The Catholic Periodical and Literature Index'' - Catholic Library Association, 1956, page 357.〕 whereas Spiritual Naturalism may have first been proposed by Joris-Karl Huysmans in 1895 in his book ''En Route'' - ''“Huysmans was the first to defect to 'Spiritual Naturalism' and eventually to a form of mysticism; he was followed by Maupassant:”'' 〔Lilian R. Furst, Peter N. Skrine - ''Literary Criticism'', 1978, page 31.〕 and ''“In 'En Route' Huysmans started upon the creation of what he called ‘Spiritual Naturalism,’ that is, realism applied to the story of a soul. ...”''.〔''The Yale Review'' - Yale University, Blackwell, 1915, page 288.〕 Coming into prominence as a writer during the 1870s, Huysmans quickly established himself among a rising group of writers, the so-called Naturalist school, of whom Émile Zola was the acknowledged head…With Là-bas (1891), a novel which reflected the aesthetics of the spiritualist revival and the contemporary interest in the occult, Huysmans formulated for the first time an aesthetic theory which sought to synthesize the mundane and the transcendent: "spiritual Naturalism". This new approach carried him through the remaining volumes of his "spiritual autobiography" ==Origins== Spiritual Naturalism is a term that can be applied to a variety of philosophical/religious worldviews that are naturalistic in their basic viewpoint but have a spiritual/religious perspective also. Chief among modern forms of Spiritual Naturalism are religious naturalism, religious humanism, dualist pantheism, and humanistic religious naturalism.〔(uuworld (org) ).〕 The term may also apply to the beliefs of some (naturalistic) pagans, process thinkers, many Taoists, a number of Hindus, and a variety of non-affiliated independent thinkers who base their spiritual experience directly on Nature itself rather than traditional deities and the supernatural (ie. Epicureans). Some liberal Jewish congregations, nontheist Friends, and Unitarians〔(uurn (org) ).〕 have similar orientations in their adoption of Religious Naturalism beliefs. Although the overall movement toward these attitudes remains relatively small and loosely organized, various forms of Spiritual Naturalism have existed since time immemorial, with the pantheistic philosophies of Taoism and similar Eastern nature-mysticisms being perhaps the most notable example. At present, there is a growing interest in adopting a Spiritual Naturalism rational alternative for the modern world because many are losing their belief in more traditional spiritual avenues. This is demonstrated in the recent rapid growth of Religious Naturalism, pantheism (particularly of an avowedly naturalistic variety) and some liberal Christian perspectives.〔(Imagining a Progressive Revolution ).〕 Theologians such as John Shelby Spong and Paul Tillich have embraced thinking that is non-secular naturalist. Crucial challenges for the spiritual naturalism movement in its various forms currently involve developing and promulgating a conciliate understanding of the somewhat ambiguous terms spirituality and naturalism. The difference in interpreting the difference between religious and spiritual, humanist and naturalist and free will and determinism also needs a consensus. In addition the individualistic nature and thinking of many of the adherents preclude organizing cohesive communities. However a proliferation of recent authors (Ursula Goodenough, Chet Raymo, Karl E. Peters, Loyal Rue and Stuart Kauffman) are highlighting the paradigm via their naturalistic writings. The most recent work on Religious Naturalism is Donald Crosby’s ''Living with Ambiguity'' published in 2008. His first chapter is titled Religion as a Form of Religious Naturalism.〔Donald Crosby - ''Living with Ambiguity: Religious Naturalism and the Menace of Evil'', State University of New York Press, 2008, ISBN 0-7914-7519-0.〕 Also in December 2008, an in depth look at the history of this worldview was published by Jerome A. Stone.〔Jerome A. Stone - ''Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative'', State University of New York Press, 2008), ISBN 0-7914-7537-9.〕 In addition a few modern theologians with liberal orientations have rejected some of the historical claims of some biblical doctrines and supernaturalism and moved to progressive forms of Christianity and Judaism akin to theistic naturalism. Examples are:Mordecai Kaplan, John Shelby Spong, Paul Tillich, John A. T. Robinson, William Murry and Gordon Kaufman. Some of those into process theology may also be included in this movement. Alfred North Whiteheads Process Philosophy fused scientific and religious naturalism in which neither violated natural law. Religion and Scientific Naturalism: Overcoming the Conflicts 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spiritual naturalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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